𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘢: 𝘊𝘰𝘴’𝘦̀ 𝘦 𝘊𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘍𝘶𝘯𝘻𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘢?

𝘓𝘢 𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘢, 𝘯𝘰𝘵𝘢 𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳 𝘰 𝘛𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘌𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘰 𝘊𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘰-𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘰, 𝘦̀ 𝘶𝘯 𝘵𝘪𝘱𝘰 𝘥𝘪 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘦, 𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘪𝘦𝘨𝘰 𝘯𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘢 𝘤𝘶𝘳𝘢 𝘥𝘪 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘶𝘮𝘪 𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘪𝘢𝘮𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘭’𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘰 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘰-𝘴𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘰.
𝘋𝘪𝘧𝘧𝘶𝘴𝘢 𝘴𝘰𝘱𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘰 𝘪𝘯 𝘢𝘮𝘣𝘪𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘤𝘰, 𝘭𝘢 𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘶𝘯 𝘮𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘨𝘪𝘰 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘦, 𝘱𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘵𝘦 𝘶𝘯𝘰 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘥𝘪 𝘳𝘪𝘥𝘶𝘳𝘳𝘦 𝘪𝘭 𝘥𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘦 𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘦 𝘳𝘪𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘻𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘪 𝘵𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘵𝘪, 𝘭𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘰𝘷𝘦 𝘰𝘷𝘷𝘪𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘤𝘪 𝘴𝘪𝘢 𝘶𝘯 𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰.
𝘐𝘭 𝘵𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘰 𝘴𝘪 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘶𝘯 𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘪𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘪 𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘪 𝘥𝘪 𝘨𝘶𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘦.
𝘊𝘦𝘯𝘯𝘪 𝘥𝘪 𝘚𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘢

𝘚𝘦𝘣𝘣𝘦𝘯𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘢 𝘢𝘣𝘣𝘪𝘢 𝘢𝘤𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘰 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘢 𝘱𝘰𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢̀ 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘯𝘦𝘨𝘭𝘪 𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘪 𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘦𝘯𝘯𝘪, 𝘪 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘱𝘪 𝘥𝘪 𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘻𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘪 𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰 𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘢 𝘣𝘢𝘴𝘦 𝘴𝘰𝘯𝘰 𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘪𝘶̀ 𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘩𝘪. 𝘈 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘭𝘪 𝘱𝘦𝘳 𝘭𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘢 𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘵𝘢, 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘪, 𝘧𝘶 𝘪𝘭 𝘮𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘤𝘰 𝘦 𝘧𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘤𝘰 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘑𝘢𝘤𝘲𝘶𝘦𝘴 𝘈𝘳𝘴𝘦̀𝘯𝘦 𝘥’𝘈𝘳𝘴𝘰𝘯𝘷𝘢𝘭, 𝘯𝘦𝘭 𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘰 1890.

𝘋𝘰𝘱𝘰 𝘥’𝘈𝘳𝘴𝘰𝘯𝘷𝘢𝘭, 𝘥𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪 𝘢𝘭𝘵𝘳𝘪 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘪𝘰𝘴𝘪 𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘪 𝘴𝘪 𝘤𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘰 𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘨𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘪 𝘴𝘪𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘪: 𝘧𝘳𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪, 𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘤𝘤𝘢 𝘪𝘭 𝘮𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘤𝘰 𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘞𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘢𝘮 𝘉𝘦𝘢𝘶𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘵, 𝘪𝘭 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘭 1939 𝘭𝘢𝘷𝘰𝘳𝘰̀ 𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘢 𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘻𝘢𝘻𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘰 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘦.
𝘌𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘪 𝘧𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘤𝘢, 𝘉𝘦𝘢𝘶𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘵 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘰̀ 𝘪𝘭 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘥𝘪 “𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘢”, 𝘱𝘦𝘳 𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘪𝘭 𝘵𝘪𝘱𝘰 𝘥𝘪 𝘭𝘢𝘷𝘰𝘳𝘰 𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪. 𝘋𝘪𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘢 𝘦̀ 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘭𝘢 𝘥𝘪 𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘢, 𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘷𝘢 𝘥𝘢𝘭𝘭’𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘥𝘪 “𝘥𝘪𝘢” (διά), 𝘤𝘪𝘰𝘦̀ “𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘰”, 𝘦 “𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘰𝘴” (ϑερμός), 𝘤𝘪𝘰𝘦̀ “𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘦”; 𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢 “𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘰”, 𝘮𝘢 𝘯𝘦𝘭 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘰 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘰 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘢𝘮𝘢 𝘢 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢 𝘥𝘪 𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘥𝘢𝘭𝘭’𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘰.

𝘜𝘯𝘢 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘢 𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘢 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘢 𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘢 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘢 𝘦̀ 𝘪𝘭 1995: 𝘪𝘯 𝘲𝘶𝘦𝘴𝘵’𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰, 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘪, 𝘯𝘢𝘤𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘥𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘢 𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳, 𝘢𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘮𝘰 𝘥𝘪 𝘛𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘧𝘦𝘳 𝘌𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 𝘊𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘈𝘯𝘥 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦.

𝘐𝘯𝘪𝘻𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦, 𝘭𝘢 𝘛𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘢 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘢 𝘦𝘳𝘢 𝘶𝘯 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘰 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘨𝘭𝘪 𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘶𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘪, 𝘢𝘧𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘦́ 𝘨𝘶𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘢. 𝘖𝘨𝘨𝘪, 𝘪𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘤𝘦, 𝘩𝘢 𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘯𝘪 𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪 𝘦 𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘢 𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘦 𝘢 𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘮𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘨𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘦 𝘥𝘪 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘰𝘯𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘯𝘰𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪 𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵. 𝘗𝘦𝘳 𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘪𝘰, 𝘷𝘪 𝘴𝘪 𝘴𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘰𝘱𝘰𝘯𝘨𝘰𝘯𝘰 𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘶𝘪 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘪 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘦 𝘥𝘪 𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘻𝘪𝘢𝘯𝘪 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘭𝘦 𝘤𝘭𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘭’𝘦𝘵𝘢̀ 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘯𝘻𝘢𝘵𝘢, 𝘴𝘰𝘨𝘨𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘪 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘣𝘪 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪 𝘢𝘭𝘭’𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘵𝘢̀ 𝘭𝘢𝘷𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘢 𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘨𝘰𝘯𝘰 𝘦𝘤𝘤.